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<body class="manpage">
<div id="header">
<h1>
git-commit-tree(1) Manual Page
</h1>
<h2>NAME</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<p>git-commit-tree -
   Create a new commit object
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="content">
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_synopsis">SYNOPSIS</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="verseblock">
<pre class="content"><em>git commit-tree</em> &lt;tree&gt; [(-p &lt;parent&gt;)&#8230;]
<em>git commit-tree</em> [(-p &lt;parent&gt;)&#8230;] [-S[&lt;keyid&gt;]] [(-m &lt;message&gt;)&#8230;]
                  [(-F &lt;file&gt;)&#8230;] &lt;tree&gt;</pre>
<div class="attribution">
</div></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_description">DESCRIPTION</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph"><p>This is usually not what an end user wants to run directly.  See
<a href="git-commit.html">git-commit(1)</a> instead.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Creates a new commit object based on the provided tree object and
emits the new commit object id on stdout. The log message is read
from the standard input, unless <code>-m</code> or <code>-F</code> options are given.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The <code>-m</code> and <code>-F</code> options can be given any number of times, in any
order. The commit log message will be composed in the order in which
the options are given.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>A commit object may have any number of parents. With exactly one
parent, it is an ordinary commit. Having more than one parent makes
the commit a merge between several lines of history. Initial (root)
commits have no parents.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>While a tree represents a particular directory state of a working
directory, a commit represents that state in "time", and explains how
to get there.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Normally a commit would identify a new "HEAD" state, and while Git
doesn&#8217;t care where you save the note about that state, in practice we
tend to just write the result to the file that is pointed at by
<code>.git/HEAD</code>, so that we can always see what the last committed
state was.</p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_options">OPTIONS</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="dlist"><dl>
<dt class="hdlist1">
&lt;tree&gt;
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        An existing tree object.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
-p &lt;parent&gt;
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        Each <code>-p</code> indicates the id of a parent commit object.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
-m &lt;message&gt;
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        A paragraph in the commit log message. This can be given more than
        once and each &lt;message&gt; becomes its own paragraph.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
-F &lt;file&gt;
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        Read the commit log message from the given file. Use <code>-</code> to read
        from the standard input. This can be given more than once and the
        content of each file becomes its own paragraph.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
-S[&lt;keyid&gt;]
</dt>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--gpg-sign[=&lt;keyid&gt;]
</dt>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--no-gpg-sign
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        GPG-sign commits. The <code>keyid</code> argument is optional and
        defaults to the committer identity; if specified, it must be
        stuck to the option without a space. <code>--no-gpg-sign</code> is useful to
        countermand a <code>--gpg-sign</code> option given earlier on the command line.
</p>
</dd>
</dl></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_commit_information">Commit Information</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph"><p>A commit encapsulates:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
all parent object ids
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
author name, email and date
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
committer name and email and the commit time.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>A commit comment is read from stdin. If a changelog
entry is not provided via "&lt;" redirection, <em>git commit-tree</em> will just wait
for one to be entered and terminated with ^D.</p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_date_formats">DATE FORMATS</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph"><p>The <code>GIT_AUTHOR_DATE</code> and <code>GIT_COMMITTER_DATE</code> environment variables
support the following date formats:</p></div>
<div class="dlist"><dl>
<dt class="hdlist1">
Git internal format
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        It is <code>&lt;unix-timestamp&gt; &lt;time-zone-offset&gt;</code>, where
        <code>&lt;unix-timestamp&gt;</code> is the number of seconds since the UNIX epoch.
        <code>&lt;time-zone-offset&gt;</code> is a positive or negative offset from UTC.
        For example CET (which is 1 hour ahead of UTC) is <code>+0100</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
RFC 2822
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        The standard email format as described by RFC 2822, for example
        <code>Thu, 07 Apr 2005 22:13:13 +0200</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
ISO 8601
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        Time and date specified by the ISO 8601 standard, for example
        <code>2005-04-07T22:13:13</code>. The parser accepts a space instead of the
        <code>T</code> character as well. Fractional parts of a second will be ignored,
        for example <code>2005-04-07T22:13:13.019</code> will be treated as
        <code>2005-04-07T22:13:13</code>.
</p>
<div class="admonitionblock">
<table><tr>
<td class="icon">
<div class="title">Note</div>
</td>
<td class="content">In addition, the date part is accepted in the following formats:
<code>YYYY.MM.DD</code>, <code>MM/DD/YYYY</code> and <code>DD.MM.YYYY</code>.</td>
</tr></table>
</div>
</dd>
</dl></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_discussion">Discussion</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph"><p>Git is to some extent character encoding agnostic.</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
The contents of the blob objects are uninterpreted sequences
   of bytes.  There is no encoding translation at the core
   level.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Path names are encoded in UTF-8 normalization form C. This
   applies to tree objects, the index file, ref names, as well as
   path names in command line arguments, environment variables
   and config files (<code>.git/config</code> (see <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>),
   <a href="gitignore.html">gitignore(5)</a>, <a href="gitattributes.html">gitattributes(5)</a> and
   <a href="gitmodules.html">gitmodules(5)</a>).
</p>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Note that Git at the core level treats path names simply as
sequences of non-NUL bytes, there are no path name encoding
conversions (except on Mac and Windows). Therefore, using
non-ASCII path names will mostly work even on platforms and file
systems that use legacy extended ASCII encodings. However,
repositories created on such systems will not work properly on
UTF-8-based systems (e.g. Linux, Mac, Windows) and vice versa.
Additionally, many Git-based tools simply assume path names to
be UTF-8 and will fail to display other encodings correctly.</p></div>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Commit log messages are typically encoded in UTF-8, but other
   extended ASCII encodings are also supported. This includes
   ISO-8859-x, CP125x and many others, but <em>not</em> UTF-16/32,
   EBCDIC and CJK multi-byte encodings (GBK, Shift-JIS, Big5,
   EUC-x, CP9xx etc.).
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Although we encourage that the commit log messages are encoded
in UTF-8, both the core and Git Porcelain are designed not to
force UTF-8 on projects.  If all participants of a particular
project find it more convenient to use legacy encodings, Git
does not forbid it.  However, there are a few things to keep in
mind.</p></div>
<div class="olist arabic"><ol class="arabic">
<li>
<p>
<em>git commit</em> and <em>git commit-tree</em> issue
  a warning if the commit log message given to it does not look
  like a valid UTF-8 string, unless you explicitly say your
  project uses a legacy encoding.  The way to say this is to
  have <code>i18n.commitEncoding</code> in <code>.git/config</code> file, like this:
</p>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>[i18n]
        commitEncoding = ISO-8859-1</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Commit objects created with the above setting record the value
of <code>i18n.commitEncoding</code> in their <code>encoding</code> header.  This is to
help other people who look at them later.  Lack of this header
implies that the commit log message is encoded in UTF-8.</p></div>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>git log</em>, <em>git show</em>, <em>git blame</em> and friends look at the
  <code>encoding</code> header of a commit object, and try to re-code the
  log message into UTF-8 unless otherwise specified.  You can
  specify the desired output encoding with
  <code>i18n.logOutputEncoding</code> in <code>.git/config</code> file, like this:
</p>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>[i18n]
        logOutputEncoding = ISO-8859-1</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If you do not have this configuration variable, the value of
<code>i18n.commitEncoding</code> is used instead.</p></div>
</li>
</ol></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Note that we deliberately chose not to re-code the commit log
message when a commit is made to force UTF-8 at the commit
object level, because re-coding to UTF-8 is not necessarily a
reversible operation.</p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_files">FILES</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph"><p>/etc/mailname</p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_see_also">SEE ALSO</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph"><p><a href="git-write-tree.html">git-write-tree(1)</a>
<a href="git-commit.html">git-commit(1)</a></p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_git">GIT</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph"><p>Part of the <a href="git.html">git(1)</a> suite</p></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="footnotes"><hr /></div>
<div id="footer">
<div id="footer-text">
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 2024-05-31 00:41:06 UTC
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