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<div class="section" id="the-very-high-level-layer">
<span id="veryhigh"></span><h1>The Very High Level Layer<a class="headerlink" href="#the-very-high-level-layer" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<p>The functions in this chapter will let you execute Python source code given in a
file or a buffer, but they will not let you interact in a more detailed way with
the interpreter.</p>
<p>Several of these functions accept a start symbol from the grammar as a
parameter. The available start symbols are <code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_eval_input</span></code>,
<code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_file_input</span></code>, and <code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_single_input</span></code>. These are described
following the functions which accept them as parameters.</p>
<p>Note also that several of these functions take <code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">FILE*</span></code> parameters. One
particular issue which needs to be handled carefully is that the <code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">FILE</span></code>
structure for different C libraries can be different and incompatible. Under
Windows (at least), it is possible for dynamically linked extensions to actually
use different libraries, so care should be taken that <code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">FILE*</span></code> parameters
are only passed to these functions if it is certain that they were created by
the same library that the Python runtime is using.</p>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.Py_Main">
int <code class="descname">Py_Main</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>int<em> argc</em>, char<em> **argv</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.Py_Main" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>The main program for the standard interpreter. This is made available for
programs which embed Python. The <em>argc</em> and <em>argv</em> parameters should be
prepared exactly as those which are passed to a C program’s <code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">main()</span></code>
function. It is important to note that the argument list may be modified (but
the contents of the strings pointed to by the argument list are not). The return
value will be <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code> if the interpreter exits normally (ie, without an
exception), <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">1</span></code> if the interpreter exits due to an exception, or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">2</span></code>
if the parameter list does not represent a valid Python command line.</p>
<p>Note that if an otherwise unhandled <a class="reference internal" href="../library/exceptions.html#exceptions.SystemExit" title="exceptions.SystemExit"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SystemExit</span></code></a> is raised, this
function will not return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">1</span></code>, but exit the process, as long as
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_InspectFlag</span></code> is not set.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyRun_AnyFile">
int <code class="descname">PyRun_AnyFile</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>FILE<em> *fp</em>, const char<em> *filename</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyRun_AnyFile" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>This is a simplified interface to <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyRun_AnyFileExFlags" title="PyRun_AnyFileExFlags"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyRun_AnyFileExFlags()</span></code></a> below, leaving
<em>closeit</em> set to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code> and <em>flags</em> set to <em>NULL</em>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyRun_AnyFileFlags">
int <code class="descname">PyRun_AnyFileFlags</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>FILE<em> *fp</em>, const char<em> *filename</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyCompilerFlags" title="PyCompilerFlags">PyCompilerFlags</a><em> *flags</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyRun_AnyFileFlags" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>This is a simplified interface to <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyRun_AnyFileExFlags" title="PyRun_AnyFileExFlags"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyRun_AnyFileExFlags()</span></code></a> below, leaving
the <em>closeit</em> argument set to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyRun_AnyFileEx">
int <code class="descname">PyRun_AnyFileEx</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>FILE<em> *fp</em>, const char<em> *filename</em>, int<em> closeit</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyRun_AnyFileEx" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>This is a simplified interface to <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyRun_AnyFileExFlags" title="PyRun_AnyFileExFlags"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyRun_AnyFileExFlags()</span></code></a> below, leaving
the <em>flags</em> argument set to <em>NULL</em>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyRun_AnyFileExFlags">
int <code class="descname">PyRun_AnyFileExFlags</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>FILE<em> *fp</em>, const char<em> *filename</em>, int<em> closeit</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyCompilerFlags" title="PyCompilerFlags">PyCompilerFlags</a><em> *flags</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyRun_AnyFileExFlags" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>If <em>fp</em> refers to a file associated with an interactive device (console or
terminal input or Unix pseudo-terminal), return the value of
<a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyRun_InteractiveLoop" title="PyRun_InteractiveLoop"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyRun_InteractiveLoop()</span></code></a>, otherwise return the result of
<a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyRun_SimpleFile" title="PyRun_SimpleFile"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyRun_SimpleFile()</span></code></a>. If <em>filename</em> is <em>NULL</em>, this function uses
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">"???"</span></code> as the filename.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyRun_SimpleString">
int <code class="descname">PyRun_SimpleString</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>const char<em> *command</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyRun_SimpleString" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>This is a simplified interface to <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyRun_SimpleStringFlags" title="PyRun_SimpleStringFlags"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyRun_SimpleStringFlags()</span></code></a> below,
leaving the <em>PyCompilerFlags*</em> argument set to NULL.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyRun_SimpleStringFlags">
int <code class="descname">PyRun_SimpleStringFlags</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>const char<em> *command</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyCompilerFlags" title="PyCompilerFlags">PyCompilerFlags</a><em> *flags</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyRun_SimpleStringFlags" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Executes the Python source code from <em>command</em> in the <a class="reference internal" href="../library/__main__.html#module-__main__" title="__main__: The environment where the top-level script is run."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__main__</span></code></a> module
according to the <em>flags</em> argument. If <a class="reference internal" href="../library/__main__.html#module-__main__" title="__main__: The environment where the top-level script is run."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__main__</span></code></a> does not already exist, it
is created. Returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code> on success or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-1</span></code> if an exception was raised. If
there was an error, there is no way to get the exception information. For the
meaning of <em>flags</em>, see below.</p>
<p>Note that if an otherwise unhandled <a class="reference internal" href="../library/exceptions.html#exceptions.SystemExit" title="exceptions.SystemExit"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SystemExit</span></code></a> is raised, this
function will not return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-1</span></code>, but exit the process, as long as
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_InspectFlag</span></code> is not set.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyRun_SimpleFile">
int <code class="descname">PyRun_SimpleFile</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>FILE<em> *fp</em>, const char<em> *filename</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyRun_SimpleFile" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>This is a simplified interface to <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyRun_SimpleFileExFlags" title="PyRun_SimpleFileExFlags"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyRun_SimpleFileExFlags()</span></code></a> below,
leaving <em>closeit</em> set to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code> and <em>flags</em> set to <em>NULL</em>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyRun_SimpleFileFlags">
int <code class="descname">PyRun_SimpleFileFlags</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>FILE<em> *fp</em>, const char<em> *filename</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyCompilerFlags" title="PyCompilerFlags">PyCompilerFlags</a><em> *flags</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyRun_SimpleFileFlags" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>This is a simplified interface to <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyRun_SimpleFileExFlags" title="PyRun_SimpleFileExFlags"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyRun_SimpleFileExFlags()</span></code></a> below,
leaving <em>closeit</em> set to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyRun_SimpleFileEx">
int <code class="descname">PyRun_SimpleFileEx</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>FILE<em> *fp</em>, const char<em> *filename</em>, int<em> closeit</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyRun_SimpleFileEx" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>This is a simplified interface to <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyRun_SimpleFileExFlags" title="PyRun_SimpleFileExFlags"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyRun_SimpleFileExFlags()</span></code></a> below,
leaving <em>flags</em> set to <em>NULL</em>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyRun_SimpleFileExFlags">
int <code class="descname">PyRun_SimpleFileExFlags</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>FILE<em> *fp</em>, const char<em> *filename</em>, int<em> closeit</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyCompilerFlags" title="PyCompilerFlags">PyCompilerFlags</a><em> *flags</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyRun_SimpleFileExFlags" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Similar to <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyRun_SimpleStringFlags" title="PyRun_SimpleStringFlags"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyRun_SimpleStringFlags()</span></code></a>, but the Python source code is read
from <em>fp</em> instead of an in-memory string. <em>filename</em> should be the name of the
file. If <em>closeit</em> is true, the file is closed before PyRun_SimpleFileExFlags
returns.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyRun_InteractiveOne">
int <code class="descname">PyRun_InteractiveOne</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>FILE<em> *fp</em>, const char<em> *filename</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyRun_InteractiveOne" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>This is a simplified interface to <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyRun_InteractiveOneFlags" title="PyRun_InteractiveOneFlags"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyRun_InteractiveOneFlags()</span></code></a> below,
leaving <em>flags</em> set to <em>NULL</em>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyRun_InteractiveOneFlags">
int <code class="descname">PyRun_InteractiveOneFlags</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>FILE<em> *fp</em>, const char<em> *filename</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyCompilerFlags" title="PyCompilerFlags">PyCompilerFlags</a><em> *flags</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyRun_InteractiveOneFlags" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Read and execute a single statement from a file associated with an
interactive device according to the <em>flags</em> argument. The user will be
prompted using <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.ps1</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.ps2</span></code>. Returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code> when the input was
executed successfully, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-1</span></code> if there was an exception, or an error code
from the <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">errcode.h</span></code> include file distributed as part of Python if
there was a parse error. (Note that <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">errcode.h</span></code> is not included by
<code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Python.h</span></code>, so must be included specifically if needed.)</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyRun_InteractiveLoop">
int <code class="descname">PyRun_InteractiveLoop</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>FILE<em> *fp</em>, const char<em> *filename</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyRun_InteractiveLoop" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>This is a simplified interface to <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyRun_InteractiveLoopFlags" title="PyRun_InteractiveLoopFlags"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyRun_InteractiveLoopFlags()</span></code></a> below,
leaving <em>flags</em> set to <em>NULL</em>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyRun_InteractiveLoopFlags">
int <code class="descname">PyRun_InteractiveLoopFlags</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>FILE<em> *fp</em>, const char<em> *filename</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyCompilerFlags" title="PyCompilerFlags">PyCompilerFlags</a><em> *flags</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyRun_InteractiveLoopFlags" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Read and execute statements from a file associated with an interactive device
until EOF is reached. The user will be prompted using <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.ps1</span></code> and
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.ps2</span></code>. Returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code> at EOF.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyParser_SimpleParseString">
struct _node* <code class="descname">PyParser_SimpleParseString</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>const char<em> *str</em>, int<em> start</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyParser_SimpleParseString" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>This is a simplified interface to
<a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyParser_SimpleParseStringFlagsFilename" title="PyParser_SimpleParseStringFlagsFilename"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyParser_SimpleParseStringFlagsFilename()</span></code></a> below, leaving <em>filename</em> set
to <em>NULL</em> and <em>flags</em> set to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyParser_SimpleParseStringFlags">
struct _node* <code class="descname">PyParser_SimpleParseStringFlags</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>const char<em> *str</em>, int<em> start</em>, int<em> flags</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyParser_SimpleParseStringFlags" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>This is a simplified interface to
<a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyParser_SimpleParseStringFlagsFilename" title="PyParser_SimpleParseStringFlagsFilename"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyParser_SimpleParseStringFlagsFilename()</span></code></a> below, leaving <em>filename</em> set
to <em>NULL</em>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyParser_SimpleParseStringFlagsFilename">
struct _node* <code class="descname">PyParser_SimpleParseStringFlagsFilename</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>const char<em> *str</em>, const char<em> *filename</em>, int<em> start</em>, int<em> flags</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyParser_SimpleParseStringFlagsFilename" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Parse Python source code from <em>str</em> using the start token <em>start</em> according to
the <em>flags</em> argument. The result can be used to create a code object which can
be evaluated efficiently. This is useful if a code fragment must be evaluated
many times.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyParser_SimpleParseFile">
struct _node* <code class="descname">PyParser_SimpleParseFile</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>FILE<em> *fp</em>, const char<em> *filename</em>, int<em> start</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyParser_SimpleParseFile" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>This is a simplified interface to <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyParser_SimpleParseFileFlags" title="PyParser_SimpleParseFileFlags"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyParser_SimpleParseFileFlags()</span></code></a> below,
leaving <em>flags</em> set to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyParser_SimpleParseFileFlags">
struct _node* <code class="descname">PyParser_SimpleParseFileFlags</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>FILE<em> *fp</em>, const char<em> *filename</em>, int<em> start</em>, int<em> flags</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyParser_SimpleParseFileFlags" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Similar to <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyParser_SimpleParseStringFlagsFilename" title="PyParser_SimpleParseStringFlagsFilename"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyParser_SimpleParseStringFlagsFilename()</span></code></a>, but the Python
source code is read from <em>fp</em> instead of an in-memory string.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyRun_String">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="descname">PyRun_String</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>const char<em> *str</em>, int<em> start</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *globals</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *locals</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyRun_String" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>This is a simplified interface to <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyRun_StringFlags" title="PyRun_StringFlags"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyRun_StringFlags()</span></code></a> below, leaving
<em>flags</em> set to <em>NULL</em>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyRun_StringFlags">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="descname">PyRun_StringFlags</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>const char<em> *str</em>, int<em> start</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *globals</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *locals</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyCompilerFlags" title="PyCompilerFlags">PyCompilerFlags</a><em> *flags</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyRun_StringFlags" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>Execute Python source code from <em>str</em> in the context specified by the
dictionaries <em>globals</em> and <em>locals</em> with the compiler flags specified by
<em>flags</em>. The parameter <em>start</em> specifies the start token that should be used to
parse the source code.</p>
<p>Returns the result of executing the code as a Python object, or <em>NULL</em> if an
exception was raised.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyRun_File">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="descname">PyRun_File</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>FILE<em> *fp</em>, const char<em> *filename</em>, int<em> start</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *globals</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *locals</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyRun_File" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>This is a simplified interface to <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyRun_FileExFlags" title="PyRun_FileExFlags"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyRun_FileExFlags()</span></code></a> below, leaving
<em>closeit</em> set to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code> and <em>flags</em> set to <em>NULL</em>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyRun_FileEx">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="descname">PyRun_FileEx</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>FILE<em> *fp</em>, const char<em> *filename</em>, int<em> start</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *globals</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *locals</em>, int<em> closeit</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyRun_FileEx" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>This is a simplified interface to <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyRun_FileExFlags" title="PyRun_FileExFlags"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyRun_FileExFlags()</span></code></a> below, leaving
<em>flags</em> set to <em>NULL</em>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyRun_FileFlags">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="descname">PyRun_FileFlags</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>FILE<em> *fp</em>, const char<em> *filename</em>, int<em> start</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *globals</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *locals</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyCompilerFlags" title="PyCompilerFlags">PyCompilerFlags</a><em> *flags</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyRun_FileFlags" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>This is a simplified interface to <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyRun_FileExFlags" title="PyRun_FileExFlags"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyRun_FileExFlags()</span></code></a> below, leaving
<em>closeit</em> set to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyRun_FileExFlags">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="descname">PyRun_FileExFlags</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>FILE<em> *fp</em>, const char<em> *filename</em>, int<em> start</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *globals</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *locals</em>, int<em> closeit</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyCompilerFlags" title="PyCompilerFlags">PyCompilerFlags</a><em> *flags</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyRun_FileExFlags" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>Similar to <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyRun_StringFlags" title="PyRun_StringFlags"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyRun_StringFlags()</span></code></a>, but the Python source code is read from
<em>fp</em> instead of an in-memory string. <em>filename</em> should be the name of the file.
If <em>closeit</em> is true, the file is closed before <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyRun_FileExFlags" title="PyRun_FileExFlags"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyRun_FileExFlags()</span></code></a>
returns.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.Py_CompileString">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="descname">Py_CompileString</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>const char<em> *str</em>, const char<em> *filename</em>, int<em> start</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.Py_CompileString" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>This is a simplified interface to <a class="reference internal" href="#c.Py_CompileStringFlags" title="Py_CompileStringFlags"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_CompileStringFlags()</span></code></a> below, leaving
<em>flags</em> set to <em>NULL</em>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.Py_CompileStringFlags">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="descname">Py_CompileStringFlags</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>const char<em> *str</em>, const char<em> *filename</em>, int<em> start</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyCompilerFlags" title="PyCompilerFlags">PyCompilerFlags</a><em> *flags</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.Py_CompileStringFlags" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>Parse and compile the Python source code in <em>str</em>, returning the resulting code
object. The start token is given by <em>start</em>; this can be used to constrain the
code which can be compiled and should be <code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_eval_input</span></code>,
<code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_file_input</span></code>, or <code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_single_input</span></code>. The filename specified by
<em>filename</em> is used to construct the code object and may appear in tracebacks or
<a class="reference internal" href="../library/exceptions.html#exceptions.SyntaxError" title="exceptions.SyntaxError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SyntaxError</span></code></a> exception messages. This returns <em>NULL</em> if the code cannot
be parsed or compiled.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyEval_EvalCode">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="descname">PyEval_EvalCode</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="code.html#c.PyCodeObject" title="PyCodeObject">PyCodeObject</a><em> *co</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *globals</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *locals</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyEval_EvalCode" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>This is a simplified interface to <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyEval_EvalCodeEx" title="PyEval_EvalCodeEx"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyEval_EvalCodeEx()</span></code></a>, with just
the code object, and the dictionaries of global and local variables.
The other arguments are set to <em>NULL</em>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyEval_EvalCodeEx">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="descname">PyEval_EvalCodeEx</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="code.html#c.PyCodeObject" title="PyCodeObject">PyCodeObject</a><em> *co</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *globals</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *locals</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> **args</em>, int<em> argcount</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> **kws</em>, int<em> kwcount</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> **defs</em>, int<em> defcount</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *closure</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyEval_EvalCodeEx" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Evaluate a precompiled code object, given a particular environment for its
evaluation. This environment consists of dictionaries of global and local
variables, arrays of arguments, keywords and defaults, and a closure tuple of
cells.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyEval_EvalFrame">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="descname">PyEval_EvalFrame</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>PyFrameObject<em> *f</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyEval_EvalFrame" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Evaluate an execution frame. This is a simplified interface to
PyEval_EvalFrameEx, for backward compatibility.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyEval_EvalFrameEx">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="descname">PyEval_EvalFrameEx</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>PyFrameObject<em> *f</em>, int<em> throwflag</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyEval_EvalFrameEx" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>This is the main, unvarnished function of Python interpretation. It is
literally 2000 lines long. The code object associated with the execution
frame <em>f</em> is executed, interpreting bytecode and executing calls as needed.
The additional <em>throwflag</em> parameter can mostly be ignored - if true, then
it causes an exception to immediately be thrown; this is used for the
<a class="reference internal" href="../reference/expressions.html#generator.throw" title="generator.throw"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">throw()</span></code></a> methods of generator objects.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyEval_MergeCompilerFlags">
int <code class="descname">PyEval_MergeCompilerFlags</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyCompilerFlags" title="PyCompilerFlags">PyCompilerFlags</a><em> *cf</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyEval_MergeCompilerFlags" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>This function changes the flags of the current evaluation frame, and returns
true on success, false on failure.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="var">
<dt id="c.Py_eval_input">
int <code class="descname">Py_eval_input</code><a class="headerlink" href="#c.Py_eval_input" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p id="index-0">The start symbol from the Python grammar for isolated expressions; for use with
<a class="reference internal" href="#c.Py_CompileString" title="Py_CompileString"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_CompileString()</span></code></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="var">
<dt id="c.Py_file_input">
int <code class="descname">Py_file_input</code><a class="headerlink" href="#c.Py_file_input" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p id="index-1">The start symbol from the Python grammar for sequences of statements as read
from a file or other source; for use with <a class="reference internal" href="#c.Py_CompileString" title="Py_CompileString"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_CompileString()</span></code></a>. This is
the symbol to use when compiling arbitrarily long Python source code.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="var">
<dt id="c.Py_single_input">
int <code class="descname">Py_single_input</code><a class="headerlink" href="#c.Py_single_input" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p id="index-2">The start symbol from the Python grammar for a single statement; for use with
<a class="reference internal" href="#c.Py_CompileString" title="Py_CompileString"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_CompileString()</span></code></a>. This is the symbol used for the interactive
interpreter loop.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="type">
<dt id="c.PyCompilerFlags">
struct <code class="descname">PyCompilerFlags</code><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyCompilerFlags" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>This is the structure used to hold compiler flags. In cases where code is only
being compiled, it is passed as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">int</span> <span class="pre">flags</span></code>, and in cases where code is being
executed, it is passed as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyCompilerFlags</span> <span class="pre">*flags</span></code>. In this case, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">from</span>
<span class="pre">__future__</span> <span class="pre">import</span></code> can modify <em>flags</em>.</p>
<p>Whenever <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyCompilerFlags</span> <span class="pre">*flags</span></code> is <em>NULL</em>, <code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cf_flags</span></code> is treated as
equal to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code>, and any modification due to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">from</span> <span class="pre">__future__</span> <span class="pre">import</span></code> is
discarded.</p>
<div class="highlight-c notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">struct</span> <span class="n">PyCompilerFlags</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">cf_flags</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="var">
<dt id="c.CO_FUTURE_DIVISION">
int <code class="descname">CO_FUTURE_DIVISION</code><a class="headerlink" href="#c.CO_FUTURE_DIVISION" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>This bit can be set in <em>flags</em> to cause division operator <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/</span></code> to be
interpreted as “true division” according to <span class="target" id="index-3"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0238"><strong>PEP 238</strong></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
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